Mouser Electronics Paves the Way for Engineers with Online Automotive Resource Center
Mouser Spotlights Automotive Zonal Architecture in New eBook from TE Connectivity and Microchip Technology
Driver to Car Communication - IDTechEx Explores Heads-Up Displays
Reducing and Eliminating Thermal Interface Materials in EV Batteries
Samtec Connectors Target Automotive Lighting, Infotainment, and Power
Mouser Connects Engineers to the Future of EV/HEV Technology with New Comprehensive Resource Hub
Avalue Presents AIB-NVAO, AI Box PC for Autonomous Machines Intelligence
Newest Mouser Series Navigates Zonal Architectures for Software-Defined Vehicles
Research casts new light on bike safety in the age of self-driving cars
New research probes effectiveness of AR to improve self-driving car safety
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Cars On the Lookout: IDTechEx Explores Image Sensors and Radars in Vehicles
Could cars with perfect night vision one day be a possibility? With a more heightened awareness of their surroundings in low visibility conditions thanks to short wave infrared (SWIR) image sensors, vehicles are on the road to visualizing beyond what the human eye can see. The powerful combination of new SWIR sensors with radar technology will allow cars to think fast and accurately to determine their surroundings, keeping passengers safe any time of the day. Having a vehicle that can be trusted is of the utmost importance, and the human eye is limited in what it can perceive. Infrared light can be used to identify objects off the visible spectrum and SWIR sensors harness this ability. When used within vehicles, they are able to capture images in the dark, rain, and fog. Ensuring the bush at the side of the road is not, in fact, a hefty badger, will be easier with the use of SWIR sensors, as they are able to pick up objects hidden even in the dark. The sensors use AI technology to be able to identify specific objects, to tell the all-important differences between stationary objects and scuttering organisms. Regular cameras on cars, known as CMOS sensors, are excellent at capturing the physical spectrum in daylight and are fitted alongside radar technology in many new cars today. As light scatters off particles picked up by these sensors, they work best on sunny, bright days, leaving gaps in their abilities. This does not occur in the infra-red region. Adding short-wave infrared sensors to the vehicle will allow the sensors to work together whenever the driver needs them, bringing about a more holistic and accurate view of the car’s surroundings. High costs are currently prohibiting widespread adoption, but companies such as Omnivision and Trieye are pursuing new technologies, bringing down costs to a fraction of the status quo. This is hoped to make SWIR technology accessible across the entire automotive market. Radars are also key to safe driving, and SWIR sensors can fill in the blanks where this technology cannot reach. Their combination is very valuable for safety in vehicles, as together they can identify objects, distance, and speed in relation to the car. Drivers can then be communicated with through their smart displays in seconds. This could also mean huge advancements in autonomous qualities later down the line, such as automatic emergency braking, and allow cars to be just as efficient at night as in the day, ensuring there is no compromise when it comes to safety. Bouncing electromagnetic signals off trees and local runners can help determine their distances away from the car. Automotive radars use antennae to emit directed signals from the car, similar to those used in WiFi and 5G communications. The time in which they return lets the car know if it is in a safe proximity to its surroundings, without the driver having to focus on everything all at once. Not only will the car be doing fast physics, but its computers will have more reliable image memory and quicker responses than that of any human. Swerving a deer running towards the car at night could also be less of a concern. The radars’ clever assessment of a change in the frequency that returns to the source can identify how fast an object is moving towards it, bringing another dimension of safety and trust to the vehicles, especially at night, in low light or fog. Radar technology is being developed to employ even more antennae and channels to pick up a wider variety of frequencies, returning more accurate results. Alongside the improved accessibility of SWIR sensors, this will one day increase the awareness of cars to an even more impressive degree, keeping all passengers and pedestrians safe. The worry of low visibility could be handed trustingly over to the car with the use of SWIR image sensors and radar technology, although it might initially feel strange. However, with the convenience of traveling through fog, dirt, and darkness at any time of day with physics-approved safety features, people could begin to relax into the car’s ability to prevent collisions. For more information, please see the IDTechEx reports, “Emerging Image Sensor Technologies 2024-2034. Applications and Markets” and “Automotive Radar 2024-2044: Forecasts, Technologies, Applications”. Sample pages are available for both of these reports.
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New eBook from Mouser and TE Connectivity Explores Latest Innovations in EV and Connected Transportation
Mouser Electronics, Inc., the authorized global distributor with the newest electronic components and industrial automation products, has released a new eBook in collaboration with TE Connectivity, a world leader in connectors and sensors, exploring EVs and the rapidly evolving landscape of connected transportation. This new eBook highlights emerging engineering topics such as V2X ecosystems, fleet telematics with 5G, the future of high-powered EV charging and other design trends providing insights into the EV and connected transportation eMobility revolution. In EV And Connected Transportation, TE Connectivity and Mouser explore the EV evolution from transportation modes to dynamic data hubs, as the rise of fleet telematics and the integration of 5G turn vehicles into roaming data centers. This eBook takes a deep dive into the emerging V2X communication standards for the next generation of EVs, featuring cloud-based and 5G systems to help vehicles gather, process, and transmit more information, optimizing everything from navigation to maintenance. Topics include the advent of automotive single-pair ethernet, which requires advanced sensing and connectivity, and highlight TE Connectivity’s offerings for even faster and more secure in-vehicle data handling for rapid remote updates, communication between vehicles and infrastructure, sophisticated driver assist systems, and ultimately, complete vehicle autonomy. EV and Connected Transportation features the latest TE Connectivity products available from Mouser, including Charging Inlets for commercial and industrial vehicles, enabling safe, fast, and secure charging of up to 10,000 mating cycles while charging at 250 VAC (at 32 A) and 1000 VDC (at 200 A), and are ideal for use with heavy and medium-duty trucks, buses, two-wheelers, agriculture, construction, and recreational vehicles. 5G Phantom no ground plane required antennas deliver global cellular coverage without needing a fixed ground plane, even for regions where the lower 600 MHz band is required. These antennas provide consistent performance and can cover either 617 MHz to 7125 MHz or 698 MHz to 7125 MHz frequency bands in a ground plane-independent format. They are suitable for IoT, freight and transportation environments, and public safety applications. Also available from Mouser, PowerTube connectors are designed for high-power applications in hybrid and electric industrial and commercial vehicles. The ECPx50B high voltage contactors are built for handling large electrical loads, up to 580A continuous current, depending on wire size and temperature, and offer 1000 V switching voltage of up to 1500 VDC with a continuous carry current of up to 500 A. These contactors are designed for control in high-voltage environments such as battery energy storage systems, solar inverters, and EV charging applications. To explore TE Connectivity’s newest eBook, visit https://te.mouser.com/electric-vehicles/ev-and-connected-transportation-3 To browse all of Mouser’s eBooks, visit https://resources.mouser.com/manufacturer-ebooks
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BAFS introduces ASEAN’s first high-flow EV hydrant dispenser for enhanced performance
BAFS INTECH unveiled the first-ever high-flow electric vehicle (EV) hydrant dispenser, powered entirely by electricity, in the ASEAN region at the Inter Airport Europe 2023, held in Munich, Germany, from October 10 to 13, 2023. This new hydrant dispenser model boasts a faster refueling rate and will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the aviation sector. M.L.Nathasit Diskul, President of Bangkok Aviation Fuel Services Public Company Limited (BAFS), said that BAFS INTECH Company Limited, an affiliate of BAFS Group, specializes in the design, manufacture, and assembly of aviation refueling vehicles, aircraft refueling systems, and other ground vehicles operated on airport premises. In addition to serving BAFS, BAFS INTECH extends its services to international markets, including countries such as Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia. The company is currently poised for expansion into Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia, with an ambitious goal of covering the entire Southeast Asia region within the next two years. BAFS INTECH conducts its business in alignment with environmentally friendly practices and sustainable development goals. In its effort to minimize carbon emissions in the aviation areas, the company is committed to leveraging cutting-edge innovation to develop refueling vehicles that cater to customer requirements and reduce environmental impact. The recent introduction of ASEAN's first high-flow EV hydrant dispenser is a testament to this commitment, and it marked the first instance of a refueling vehicle from Thailand being showcased on a global stage, as it was featured at the 24th Inter Airport Europe 2023 in Munich, Germany. This fully electric refueling vehicle boasts enhanced refueling performance with an impressive flow rate of 3,400 liters per minute, a significant improvement over the low-flow model with a flow rate of 1,300 liters per minute. The standout features of the new hydrant dispenser include its compact and flexible design, low noise emissions, and an impressive range of up to 244 kilometers on a single charge (tested under WLTP standards). This substantial range allows it to refuel an average of 15 flights per full charge, rendering it an ideal choice for international airports. Furthermore, it has been manufactured in compliance with the aircraft fuel supply standards established by the Joint Inspection Group (JIG). This new vehicle is slated to begin service at Suvarnabhumi International Airport by the end of 2023. Earlier in 2020, BAFS INTECH introduced an electric hydrant cart refueling vehicle, comprising an electric tractor and a refueling vehicle with a hydrant system operated entirely on electricity. This innovation resulted in a reduction of 6,300 liters in annual diesel consumption, equivalent to a yearly decrease of 15 tons of CO2-equivalent emissions. Building upon this success, BAFS INTECH continued its development efforts, leading to the launch of a low-flow EV hydrant dispenser in 2021. This dispenser offers a driving range of 170 kilometers and can refuel an average of 8 flights per charge, cutting greenhouse gas emissions by up to 90% compared to traditional diesel refueling vehicles. Usage statistics reveal an 80% reduction in energy costs. The low-flow EV hydrant dispenser is currently in operation at Don Mueang International Airport. BAFS INTECH is committed to harnessing innovation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The company also supports the Airport Carbon Accreditation program and contributes to advancing the transition to environmentally friendly "green airports" at Don Mueang and Suvarnabhumi International Airport, as well as other airports throughout the ASEAN region. BAFS INTECH has collaborated with ITURRI, a leading refueling vehicle manufacturer from Spain, on developing the manufacturing of EV refueling vehicles. In this collaboration, BAFS INTECH will import parts for assembly in Thailand and exchange knowledge with ITURRI to adapt the products for the Asia-Pacific region. Furthermore, local assembly of EV hydrant dispensers in Thailand is expected to lower the cost of refueling vehicles. In the future, the potential use of locally sourced spare parts instead of imported parts could further reduce manufacturing costs, making EV vehicles more affordable. This will be an important factor in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles at airports throughout the ASEAN region. This strategic approach aligns with BAFS INTECH's plan to drive the aviation industry towards net-zero emissions, in line with BAFS's vision of "Uplifting the World through Sustainable Business."
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TRUMPF and KDPOF showcase first 980nm multi-gigabit interconnect system for automotive
980nm wavelength VCSELs for higher robustness and lifetime // TRUMPF and KDPOF working together to implement new standard in optical data communication within automotive // The target is to bring to the market an integrated transceiver for multi-gigabit optical communications in automotive systems Ulm, September 29, 2023 – TRUMPF Photonic Components, a global leader in high-speed VCSEL and photodiode solutions for data communication, and KDPOF, an expert in high-speed optical networking solutions based in Spain, will showcase the first 980nm multi-gigabit interconnect system for automotive systems at the European Conference for Optical Communication (ECOC), to be held in Glasgow on October 1st-5th. “After a long-term cooperation, it’s great to have entered the stage where we can prove to end-users the true strength of 980nm optical interconnects,” says Ralph Gudde, VP Marketing & Sales at TRUMPF Photonic Components. Both companies pursue the goal of implementing state-of-the art optical data communication standards and solutions for the automotive industry. Due to the push in the automotive sector towards autonomous driving, a large amount of data must be processed in cars. Consequently, optical interconnects are required to manage the data flow as a nervous system, connecting sensors and electronic brains, while tight electro-magnetic interference requirements are met. As this trend is even increasing, TRUMPF and KDPOF entered a strategic partnership as early as 2022 to combine their knowledge in the field of components and networks for data communication. Now, significant progress is made with the first implementation of the new IEEE Std 802.3cz (nGBASE-AU), consisting of a transceiver that integrates electronics, photonics, and optics in a single IC component. Evaluation kits soon become ready for OEMs to test. “Automotive is a very demanding industry. The IEEE Std 802.3cz standard is therefore focusing on highly reliable conditions that enable lifetimes of 15 years and more, with low cost and high-volume implementations”, explains Rubén Pérez-Aranda, CTO at KDPOF. “Having suppliers like TRUMPF in the 802.3cz working group enriched the discussion with their deep manufacturing and design knowledge of VCSEL and photodiode components, which in turn enabled the production of a serious and dependable standard. With our strategic partnership we are going one step further and are targeting optical networks to become an indispensable part of future cars,” Pérez-Aranda adds. Automotive applications require not only a much wider range of operating temperatures, reaching from minus 40 °C up to 125 °C but also a low interconnect length of less than 40 meters. For superior robustness against wear and random failures, 980nm VCSEL was approved as the wavelength to become the new standard. Besides its performance characteristics, 980nm suits the existing OM3 fibers with low dispersion loss. Visit TRUMPF Photonic Components (booth 641) and KDPOF (booth 937) at ECOC 2023 in Glasgow.
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Wialon announces 3.6 million tracked vehicles across over 150 countries
At Securex, Africa’s ultimate security expo, Wialon, the global fleet management platform created by European software developer Gurtam, announced it has reached a record number of 3.6 million fleet vehicles and assets connected on the platform worldwide, including 34,000 in South Africa. Wialon provides software solutions for fleet management and security, via over 2,400 partner companies in over 150 countries. In South Africa, Wialon works with almost 90 partner companies, who provide fleet management services to thousands of businesses in diverse sectors such as cargo shipping, delivery services, security personnel, long-haul transportation, cold chain transportation and agribusinesses. The fleet management market in South Africa is on an upward trajectory, with a forecasted CAGR of 12.6 percent. This means the number of active fleet management systems deployed in commercial vehicle fleets in South Africa, which reached an estimated 2 million in Q4 2021, and is predicted to grow to about 3.6 million by 2026. Aliaksandr Kuushynau, Head of the Wialon, who attended Securex to meet with South African partners and clients, states: “There is growing interest in fleet management in Africa, and a marked increase in the adoption of telematics, the use of electric vehicles, and in the emphasis on safety and data analytics, reflecting the continent's focus on efficiency and sustainability. However, it is also important to acknowledge the security challenges that the region faces. Theft, hijacking, and vehicle vandalism are serious issues that can have a significant impact on businesses and the local economy. As a result, fleet managers need to adopt security measures to protect their assets and employees.” Wialon provides a range of solutions for security in fleet management, helping businesses in Africa protect their vehicles and other assets. The platform’s GPS tracking and geofencing technology, combined with remote vehicle disabling, and the option to integrate security technologies, enables fleet managers to monitor their vehicles in real-time and respond quickly to safety and security incidents. Joining Wialon at Securex, Carla Greyling, Sales Executive at Tracking Africa, Wialon’s South African partner, commented on the benefits of fleet management software and telematics technology for South African companies: “The top priorities in fleet management in South Africa center on safety and security of vehicles, goods and drivers (including stolen vehicle recovery), video surveillance, fuel control and asset tracking. Features such as driver identification, panic buttons, remote engine blocking and real-time location monitoring have seen high growth in the demand and adoption rate for businesses in South Africa.” The Wialon platform integrates GPS tracking and video surveillance capabilities, enabling fleet managers to monitor assets and drivers en route in real time with live streaming, and to access additional features with playback functions. “Integrating GPS tracking systems and video telematics into a company’s operation can bring significant savings for businesses. The potential of IoT can revolutionise not just the way we do business, but the way public infrastructure as a whole operates, with the potential to facilitate dramatic improvements in efficiency, reliability and customer service. We believe that collaboration between fleet managers, security agencies, and technology providers is essential for addressing the safety challenges in the region. By working together, we can create a safer and more efficient environment for businesses and communities in Africa,” adds Aliaksandr Kuushynau.
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KDPOF Celebrates Release of IEEE 802.3cz-2023 Standard
New Standard Defines Physical Layer Specifications and Management Parameters for Multi-gigabit Glass Optical Fiber Automotive Ethernet Madrid (Spain) June 6, 2023 – KDPOF (leading supplier for high-speed connectivity over fiber optics in harsh environments) welcomes the publication of the IEEE 802.3cz-2023 standard “IEEE Standard for Ethernet Amendment 7: Physical Layer Specifications and Management Parameters for multi-gigabit glass optical fiber automotive Ethernet” with the final release by the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA). This amendment to IEEE Std 802.3-2022 adds Physical Layer specifications and management parameters for 2.5 Gb/s, 5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s, 25 Gb/s, and 50 Gb/s operation on glass optical fiber in an automotive environment. “We’re very excited about this major milestone for optical automotive multi-gigabit Ethernet,” stated Rubén Pérez de Aranda, KDPOF CTO and Co-founder, as well as IEEE Senior Member and active participant in the IEEE 802.3 working group. “The 802.3 Task Force includes numerous individuals affiliated with key carmakers, such as PSA, Toyota, BMW, Ford, GM, and Volvo; Tier 1 suppliers; and components suppliers. Many thanks to all contributors and supporters for making optical in-vehicle Ethernet networks of up to 50 Gb/s a reality!” Future-proof: Robust, Low Power, Scalable The IEEE 802.3cz-2023 (nGBASE-AU) standard has been designed from scratch with the goal of meeting stringent automotive requirements. The use of glass optical fiber improves power consumption. In addition, it is more resilient to aging problems. It is absolutely future-proof since ECUs can be upgraded to higher speeds while keeping the same harness. “As of today, the IEEE 802.3cz standard technology provides the only existing solution for 25 Gb/s and 50 Gb/s single lane connections with 4 inline connectors and a maximum length of 40 meters in the car over OM3 multimode fiber,” added Luis Manuel Torres, Principal System Architect at KDPOF and active member at IEEE Standards Association. The standard specifies speeds of 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 Gb/s per lane. It meets automotive temperature requirements of -40 °C to +105 °C and OEM reliability requirements with a minimum of 15 years of operation with 10 FIT. The maximum link length is 40 meters with 4 inline connectors. The solution is affordable since the higher optical power budget allows lower tolerance connectors. Additionally, the OM3 fiber is widely used, ensuring high volume production. An almost ideal communication channel allows a much simpler physical layer with a lower DSP/equalization complexity and no echo cancellation, resulting in lower power consumption, lower latency, a smaller silicon area, and overall lower-cost solution. A specially dedicated Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) side channel is available for dependability and link management. The Automotive Future is Optical For higher speeds, automotive requirements demand this movement from copper to optical physical data transmission. Optical Ethernet connectivity perfectly solves vehicles' challenges and electrical interference thanks to its unbeatable electromagnetic compatibility, reliability, and low cost: EMC: Fiber is inherently immune to electromagnetic interferences and does not emit interference, thus saving an immense amount of additional development time and cost. Temperature: Fiber cables withstand extreme temperature ranges from -40 ºC up to +125ºC for operation ambient. Power consumption: A simpler channel allows for a lower power consumption than copper, thanks to a simpler DSP/equalization and no need for echo cancelling. Reliability/Durability: The selection of the 980 nm wavelength allows VCSEL devices to comply with automotive reliability and lifetime. Inline Connectors: As no shielding is needed, connectors are smaller and mechanically more robust. Power Budget: In contrast to copper, up to 4 inline connectors for a speed of 25Gb/s and 2 inline connectors for 50Gb/s can be inserted over a length of 40 meters. With copper it is only possible to insert 2 inline connectors with a maximum length of 11 meters and 25Gb/s. Cost-effective: The lower diameter of the OM3 fiber results in significant cost efficiency. In comparison, copper-shielded differential pairs (SDP) proposed for 25GBASE-T1 are AWG26 (0.14 mm^2) and AWG24 (0.22 mm^2). For reference, the Cat 6A cable is usually AWG23.
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Mouser Electronics Offers Latest in Autonomous Vehicle Design Resources for Engineers
Mouser Electronics, Inc., the New Product Introduction (NPI) leader™ empowering innovation, is helping engineers stay ahead of the latest automotive design trends with an extensive content hub dedicated to resources and developments in autonomous vehicle technology. With increasingly complex hardware and systems, these vehicles require reliable, connected solutions to create a seamless user experience. Driver safety, whether on the road or via cybersecurity, requires significant consideration, making it all the more critical for automotive designers to have access to trustworthy resources and made-to-order components. Mouser provides technical resources for various automotive design aspects, such as LiDAR design and ADAS power, in the all-inclusive content hub. Access to Mouser's articles, videos, and blogs enables designers of all skill levels to find advanced solutions with reputable components. Mouser stocks the industry's widest selection of semiconductors and electronic components, including the following solutions for autonomous vehicle applications: u-blox SAM-M10Q Standard Precision GNSS Antenna Module is a small, high-performance module with a simple interface that enables easy incorporation into user designs. The low power consumption allows for greater power autonomy for battery-operated devices. This device offers excellent out-band jamming immunity, such as caused by mobile phones. The SAM-M10Q also detects jamming and spoofing attempts and reports them to the host, so the system can react to such events. ams OSRAM SPL SxL90A LiDAR QFN Packaged SMT Lasers allow autonomous vehicles to "see" farther and more effectively with the infrared LiDAR components. These devices feature low-thermal resistance to withstand temperatures at high currents. These lasers are specially made for industrial automation, 3D sensing and more. STMicroelectronics SPC58 N Line Performance Microcontrollers are built to perform at high speeds with three cores that process accurately in real time. Meeting the highest ASIL-D safety levels, these microcontrollers are ideal for various automotive applications, such as powertrains, Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and ADAS. These devices support high operating temperatures and ensure augmented connectivity through different communication interfaces. Taoglas Raptor III MA1280 7-in-1 Public Safety Antenna is mounted in a small, robust, IP67-rated enclosure. The antenna is suitable for all automotive and commercial trucking applications and can be modified for use at different frequencies. It features multiband GNSS (GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou/Galileo), two 5G/4G cellular MIMOs, two dual-band Wi-Fi®, active AM/FM, and LMR (700 MHz to 900 MHz) antennas. For the latest on solutions for autonomous vehicles, visit https://resources.mouser.com/autonomous/
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Infineon and Delta Electronics to collaborate on electromobility
Infineon Technologies AG (FSE: IFX / OTCQX: IFNNY), global leader in automotive semiconductors, and Delta Electronics, Inc., the world-leading power and energy management company based in Taiwan, are expanding their long-term cooperation from industrial to automotive applications. Today, both companies signed a Memorandum of Understanding that will deepen their joint innovation activities to provide more efficient and higher-density solutions for the fast-growing market of electric vehicles (EV). The agreement covers a wide range of components such as high- voltage and low-voltage discretes and modules as well as microcontrollers to be used in EV drivetrain applications such as traction inverters, DC-DC converters and on-board chargers. In addition, both parties agreed to set up a joint innovation lab for automotive applications. The Delta-Infineon Automotive Innovation Center will be co-managed by both companies. It is scheduled to be set up in Pingzhen, Taiwan in the second half of 2023. “Infineon and Delta share the common goal of developing increasingly energy- efficient and CO2-saving solutions that support global decarbonization efforts,” said Peter Schiefer, President of Infineon’s Automotive division. “We want to further advance the energy efficiency of electromobility together by combining Infineon’s comprehensive automotive product portfolio and application know-how with Delta’s expertise in integration and system optimization. Ensuring the energy efficiency of automotive applications is of paramount importance in our time and we are committed to further improving it.” “Infineon is a trusted partner of Delta. Over the past 25 years we have successfully collaborated in the area of industrial products. We are now looking forward to extending this partnership to electromobility,” said James Tang, Corporate Vice President of Delta Electronics. “We see a growing demand in the automotive industry for innovative, clean and energy-efficient solutions. Together with Infineon, we are committed to support the global transition to electromobility with our products and solutions and to bring electromobility to a whole new level.”
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Wialon Telematics Platform Reaches 3.5 Million Connected Vehicles Worldwide
Wialon, the global telematics and IoT platform created by European software developer Gurtam, has reached a record 3.5 million units connected, across over 150 countries. Wialon is the largest fleet management platform in the world by number of connected vehicles and other assets. Working worldwide through a network of more than 2,400 partners, which include telematics service providers and solutions developers, Wialon connects and tracks vehicles and assets ranging from cargo and passenger vehicle fleets, special machinery, as well as stationary units, including generators and fuel storage units. The 3.500.000-th vehicle connected via the Wialon platform is one of a fleet of ambulances in West Africa, where Wialon partner Geoloc Conseil ensures efficient dispatching of ambulances and fuel management. Founded in 2012, Geoloc Conseil has been a Wialon partner since 2016. The company predominantly operates in France and West Africa, serving transport, construction, express courier, and service companies. It specialises in the development of geolocation software, with a focus on professional vehicle fleet management and geolocation. “We have been working with Wialon since 2016, when a simple internet search led us to the solution for fuel tracking and monitoring machine hours. The first major project involved geolocation and fuel monitoring for a large fleet of trucks and construction machinery in Africa, and we saw very positive outcomes thanks to Wialon. Seven years on, we’re proud to have connected the 3,500,000th vehicle on the platform. Innovative, reliable and user-friendly technology solutions on Wialon base play a key role in enabling and accelerating business growth in Africa,” says Francois Traoré, Managing Director Geoloc Conseils. Using the Wialon platform and its fleet management software solutions, Wialon’s over 2,400 partners – telematics service providers and solutions developers – have deployed applications in a broad range of markets and sectors: transportation and mobility, logistics, delivery services, construction, agribusiness, water and waste management, public utilities, railway, mining and processing, and security. They work in Europe, USA, Canada, Latin America, Middle East, Africa, Australia, and Central Asia. With over 20 years of experience, Wialon has developed integrations with nearly 2,900 types of GPS tracking devices from 700 manufacturers, including automobile controllers, personal trackers and software-based trackers installed as mobile apps on smartphones. Additionally, Wialon is able to process data received from after-market sensors (weight, humidity, light, temperature and others), cameras, tachograph and supplementary GPS hardware, connected to GPS tracking devices. “Telematics and IoT applications are now ubiquitous for fleet management, and we are very proud of Wialon’s contribution to the growth of the ecosystem of global partners, developers, and clients. Connecting 3.5 million units is a significant milestone for us, making Wialon the largest global telematics and IoT platform by number of connected vehicles and other assets worldwide,” says Aliaksandr Kuushynau, Head of Wialon at Gurtam.
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First Automotive Gigabit Ethernet Switch with Optical Ports
KDPOF, leading supplier for gigabit connectivity over fiber optics, introduces the first automotive Ethernet switch EVB9351-AUT-SW-NXP with five 1000BASE-RH optical ports, each comprised of KDPOF’s KD9351 FOT and KD1053 PHY IC. “We very much appreciate the support from NXP® Semiconductors, a world leader in secure connectivity solutions for embedded applications, in the development of our new switch evaluation board,” stated Carlos Pardo, CEO and Co-founder of KDPOF. “The core of the high-speed switch platform is the new NXP SJA1110 SoC.” Guenter Sporer, Director of Marketing, Systems and Applications of Automotive Ethernet Solutions at NXP Semiconductors, added, “With the SJA1110, NXP Semiconductors provides a family of four pin-compatible and software-compatible automotive Ethernet switch SoC. Thus, we offer a scalable solution for automotive applications.” KDPOF’s new evaluation board supports carmakers and suppliers in delivering high-speed connectivity essential for the progress of autonomous vehicles. Scalable Automotive Ethernet Switch for High-speed Networks The EVB9351-AUT-SW-NXP automotive Ethernet switch board has two SJA1110 switches from NXP on board. This part integrates an ARM Cortex-M7 @200MHz processor for autonomous and secure operation: 512 kB integrated SRAM as Instruction Tightly Coupled Memory (ITCM) and 256 kB integrated SRAM as Data Tightly Coupled Memory (DTCM). It further contains a double-precision floating-point unit and a memory protection unit. Boot time is less than 100 ms with a 512 kB firmware with authentication. The switch has selectable I/O voltages (1.8V, 2.5V and 3.3V) to aid in design flexibility. It provides a small footprint of 14 mm by 14 mm (LFBGA256) and a package with 0.8 mm pitch. It is automotive AEC-Q100 qualified, compliant with ISO 26262, and ASIL-B. 2.5 Gb/s operation is supported for two SGMII ports. The board has five optical 1000/100BASE-RH ports, 12 100BASE-T1 ports, and one NXP SABRE expansion connector. EMC-safe and Reliable: 1000BASE-RH Optical Ports with KDPOF Chipset With the KD9351 optical interface, KDPOF complements the proven KD1053 digital interface IC, thus providing a full optical port for in-vehicle gigabit connectivity. The assembly of the FOT and the IC is simplified, and the connector offers snap-fit without soldering. The devices form a complete automotive 1000BASE-RHC physical layer. Constructing the transimpedance amplifier, photodiode, LED driver, and LED as one single device significantly lowers costs. Optical Ethernet connectivity perfectly solves the challenges and electrical interference in vehicles thanks to its electromagnetic compatibility, reliability, and low cost. Applications include safe Ethernet backbones, smart antenna modules, and sensor connections for ADAS and audio/video.
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Mouser’s Empowering Innovation Together Explores AI-Based Driver Monitoring
Mouser Electronics Inc., the industry’s leading New Product Introduction (NPI) distributor with the widest selection of semiconductors and electronic components™, has released the latest chapter of its award-winning Empowering Innovation Together™ program. The new episode explores the importance of driver monitoring systems for occupant presence and condition — such as fatigue or distraction — to help foster the safety required for Level 3 autonomous driving and beyond. Content for this fourth installment includes two articles, a blog, an infographic, a new episode of the Tech Between Us podcast and a Then, Now and Next video. The driver monitoring systems topic explains the methods by which detection of both the driver and occupants can mitigate negative conditions using new user interfaces. Interior monitoring systems can detect signs of distracted or fatigued drivers along with occupant presence and condition to alert the driver. “As the market begins to increase adoption of autonomous vehicles, the safety of vehicles and passengers is imperative,” says Glenn Smith, President and CEO of Mouser Electronics. “Through this installment of EIT, we’re eager to share expert knowledge from industry leaders, helping our customers and followers understand this technology and its importance.” In the latest episode of the Tech Between Us podcast, Modar Alaoui, Founder and CEO at Eyeris, joins host Raymond Yin, Director of Technical Content at Mouser Electronics, for a discussion about driver monitoring systems in vehicles, legislation around the technology and the hardware and software behind the systems. “I’m excited to discuss with Raymond and Mouser’s listeners the exciting growth of in-vehicle vision AI,” says Alaoui. “This pioneering technology has the potential to completely transform the ways we interact with our vehicles and the ways our vehicles keep us safe.” The Driver Monitoring Systems installment is sponsored by Analog Devices, Infineon Technologies, Molex, NXP Semiconductors, onsemi and TE Connectivity. Established in 2015, Mouser’s Empowering Innovation Together program is one of the electronic component industry’s most recognized programs. To learn more, visit https://www.mouser.com/empowering-innovation and follow Mouser on Facebook and Twitter.
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Yanmar Introduces Carbon-Neutral Electrification Strategy at bauma 2022
Yanmar a world-leading provider of power solutions and industrial machinery, introduces its electrification strategy for off-road vehicles and equipment at bauma 2022, in Germany, the world’s biggest construction equipment exhibition. Yanmar (stand A4.425) will showcase its off-road product portfolio, commitment to customer lifecycle value and future vision for industrial equipment including the following highlights: · Electrification strategy for e-powertrains · Electric equipment demonstrator · Yanmar/ELEO modular, high-density battery system · Extended 5-year Warranty for TN Series engines All-in-one systems integrator of e-powertrains for off-road OEM equipment Yanmar will establish itself as the all-in-one systems integrator for smart electrified power solutions tailored to the application-specific needs of individual OEMs. In its capacity as a systems integrator, Yanmar will implement system engineering, design and manufacturing of e-powertrains, while also providing control development, system evaluation, procurement, manufacturing and quality assurance. As Yanmar transitions to an advanced supplier of electrified solutions, the company remains true to its core values of durability, reliability, quality and robustness, together with the commitment to be a reliable and trusted partner for customers - values the company has lived by for more than 110 years. Mr. Tomohisa Tao, President Yanmar Power Technology Co. Ltd.: “As Yanmar looks to meet the challenges of the coming century, our transformation will encompass new products with alternative fuel technologies. Our aim, together with our dealers and OEM partners, in this strategy is to build stronger relationships and create even greater customer value with new-energy technology. We will work hard to support our OEM partners and customers to achieve their environmental and performance goals.” Electric demonstrator At bauma 2022, Yanmar will show an electrified demonstration vehicle that shows the practical application of the company’s system integrator technologies. Powered by an efficient electric drive and hard working 48-volt batteries with fast charging capability, the electric excavator is a quiet, zero-emission machine designed to meet the most demanding emissions restrictions. The machine is an example of Yanmar’s system integrator applications technology, integrating power and control systems with advanced applications management in a versatile and easy to use machine. ELEO – modular battery systems acquisition An important milestone for realizing the urgent environmental challenges that we must overcome is Yanmar’s acquisition of battery-technology company ELEO, a fast-growing developer and manufacturer of high-performance modular battery systems. This acquisition will further Yanmar’s electrified powertrain capabilities with versatile, customized solutions for off-road applications. ELEO is building a new battery production plant, increasing its annual battery production capacity tenfold to 500MWh – equivalent of approximately 10,000 battery packs. Yanmar 5-Year Warranty benchmark for off-road vehicles underpins sustainability objectives The launch of the new 5-Year Warranty (or 5,000 hours) further enhances sustainability and extended ownership of the current line-up of clean diesel solutions during the transformation to carbon-neutral power solutions. This extended warranty is free of charge and valid for TN Series engines sold in Europe and operating on European territory. Carlo Giudici, Director Industrial EMEA at Yanmar Europe, says: “Yanmar sets a new benchmark by being the first to offer a complimentary 5-Year Warranty for off-road vehicles. It emphasizes the strong quality and reliability of our engines and is another important step to offering customers problem-free, sustainable ownership and higher resale value.” From the development of new energy sources for customers and industry, to working towards A Sustainable Future and zero emissions from its headquarters and facilities, Yanmar is undertaking a range of activities in pursuit of a sustainable society. The company has already embarked on several new-energy projects in various business lines, including hydrogen-powered cogeneration, research into hydrogen fuel marine engines, bio-gas cogeneration, dual-fuel power solutions with natural gas, fuel cell marine technology, smart agriculture, and resource recycling technologies.
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ZEEKR Brings “New Attitude” in Major OTA Updates
Premium electric mobility brand ZEEKR, has today announced a vast array of upgrades to its 001 vehicle, signaling a bold vision for the future of luxury drive and autonomy. At its first ZEEKR Experience Day, and less than one year after the first products were delivered to customers in China, ZEEKR confirmed that 001 models will be subject to an extensive OTA update which covers driver comfort, cockpit interface, and smart driving technologies. ZEEKR has also announced a host of hardware improvements to the body and chassis of 001 for the 2022 model year. ZEEKR 001 is now the world’s first production car equipped with two 7nm autonomous driving chips, which is embedded within a complete visual fusion sensing system and enables a 001 to self-adapt autonomously at speeds of up to 130kph. In testing environments, a 001 will automatically slow when it detects pedestrians or non-motor vehicles approaching. The 001 will also automatically detect a car door open on the side of the road or a truck approaching on the side, turning wheels slightly to avoid a possible side collision. The latest upgrades also include a high performance 8155 Snapdragon microchip which has optimized over 200 key items of user control functions within the cockpit. ZEEKR’s brand-new intelligent driving system enables users to switch among different driving modes and has a distributed traction control system, designed only for pure electric vehicles. This new system includes signal transmission and a processing rate 10 times faster than most existing systems, bringing computing down to milliseconds. This improves acceleration performance by 31% on harsh road surfaces, or in snow and ice conditions, whilst increasing the maximum controllable concerning speed. This newly updated driving system will give user the option to switch between rear wheel drive, all-wheel drive, and real time adaptive four-wheel drive systems based on the road conditions. // ZEEKR Business Update In August 2021, ZEEKR completed the Pre-A round of external funding from five partners with Intel Capital as the lead investor. The $500 million funding also attracted investments from CATL, Bilibili, Cathay Fortune Group, and Boyu Capital. In December 2021, ZEEKR announced a collaboration with Waymo on the development of a new pure electric vehicle for deployment in the Waymo One autonomous ride-hailing fleet in the United States. A new purpose-built commercial mobility vehicle is being designed and developed at ZEEKR’s R&D facility in Gothenburg, Sweden. Earlier this year, ZEEKR confirmed a collaboration with Mobileye, an Intel company, to expand their strategic technology partnership with a goal to deliver the world’s first consumer autonomous consumer vehicles with L4 capabilities by 2024. ZEEKR continues to prioritize and fulfill local market customer orders ahead of a planned European roll-out from 2023, where it will ramp up capacity at the ZEEKR Intelligent Factory - one of the world’s most advanced vehicle facilities - to deal with unprecedented demand for the 001. It has already delivered its 20,000th vehicle in May of 2022, 217 days from its first delivery in October of 2021, making it the fastest EV company in China to achieve such a target.
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Automotive Autonomy: A New Opportunity for Thermal Materials, Says IDTechEx
The automotive market is trending towards greater levels of autonomy with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) becoming increasingly adopted to improve the safety of drivers and pedestrians or even just to make driving a more convenient experience. ADAS encompasses a huge variety of functions from automatic emergency braking all the way to fully autonomous driving. Something that all ADAS features have in common is the need for high-quality sensors and the associated processing of their data. The quantity of sensors per vehicle also increases rapidly with greater levels of autonomy. These sensors and their evolution provide new markets for thermal management materials within the automotive industry. In fact, IDTechEx’s new report, “Thermal Management for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) 2023-2033” finds that the yearly market value for thermal interface materials (TIMs) in ADAS will increase 11-fold over the next 10 years. Each sensor in the ADAS system has its own thermal material opportunities. Source: IDTechEx - “Thermal Management for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) 2023-2033” - What’s Changing with ADAS Components? Cameras and radars are already ubiquitous in vehicles, but greater levels of autonomy will require larger sensor suites with greater capabilities in each sensor. IDTechEx is predicting that there will be more than a 6-fold increase in the yearly demand for automotive sensors including cameras, radars, and LiDARs by 2033. A key factor is integration, to fit more sensors to vehicles in an aesthetically pleasing fashion, the units will require smaller form factors leading to densification of components and hence thermal management challenges. ADAS sensors are also often used in non-ideal environments for electronics requiring resistance to shock and vibration and, in certain cases, having to withstand heat from a combustion engine. For many sensor locations, active cooling will not be viable and in hot climates the temperatures of sensors could increase significantly whilst the vehicle is stationary. Another factor to consider is data processing. More sensors and sensors with greater fidelity will generate more data that needs processing by the vehicle. Some parts of this will be done within the sensor units themselves, but a central computer or electronic control unit (ECU) will be required to communicate this information to the relevant vehicle controls. The greater data requirements lead to using more power-dense ICs (integrated circuits) and hence a greater thermal management requirement. We have already seen this with Tesla’s adoption of a liquid cooling circuit for their computer highlighting the heat generated. - What are the Material Trends? Like any modern electronics component, ADAS sensors and computers require thermal interface materials (TIMs) to help spread heat from the heat generating element to a heat sink or unit enclosure. Cameras, radars, LiDARs, and ECUs all have their own TIM requirements and as their designs evolve, so too do their TIM needs. Whilst the average ECU now may use a fairly typical TIM with 3-4 W/m×K thermal conductivity, the increased processing power required for autonomous functions could see this rise significantly. Many of the sensors spread throughout the vehicle will be relatively small and low power, hence not necessarily needing a high-performance TIM. However, the rapidly growing market for ADAS features means that the volume demands for TIMs will increase significantly. IDTechEx is forecasting an increase in TIM demand of 3 times in just the next 5 years for ADAS sensors. - Concluding Thoughts The rapid adoption of ADAS features and autonomy in the automotive market presents great opportunities for thermal management material suppliers with sensor design evolving and a growing market for ADAS components. IDTechEx’s report, “Thermal Management for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) 2023-2033”, uses both primary and secondary research to cover these trends for ADAS sensor and computer evolution with a focus on thermal interface materials and die attach with additional chapters on combined EMI and thermal materials and radar radome materials. Company profiles/interviews are also included along with 10-year market forecasts in terms of material area, tonnage, and market value.
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WAE showcases industry-leading high performance battery technology at The Battery Show Europe
Williams Advanced Engineering (WAE) will showcase its industry-leading high performance battery technology at The Battery Show Europe from 28-30 June, in Stuttgart. Visitors to the WAE stand in Hall 8, stand F50, will have the opportunity to examine an example of the company’s innovative Adaptive Multi-Chem advanced battery pack, together with the Triumph Motorcycles TE-1 prototype demonstrator. Combining power and energy in one advanced battery system, Adaptive Multi-Chem sets new standards for performance and efficiency, with the advantage of being totally customisable for individual customer requirements. Triumph’s first zero emission prototype demonstrator motorcycle – the battery pack for which delivers a peak power of 130kW and continuous power of 90kW, with a capacity of 15kWh – will also be on display. With the optimum balance of power and energy, TE-1’s battery gives the rider access to greater electric power for longer, regardless of battery charge, and matches exhilarating acceleration with exceptional range. The 360-volt system also enables a fast-charging time of under 20mins (0-80%). WAE developed the technology to support the TE-1 prototype demonstrator, a unique collaboration between Triumph Motorcycles, Integral Powertrain Ltd, and WMG at the University of Warwick funded by the Office for Zero Emission Vehicles through Innovate UK. In addition, the stunning 2200 horsepower Deus Vayanne electric hypercar, brought to life by WAE's collaboration with Deus Automobiles and Italdesign, is on display on the Deus Automobiles stand Hall 8, Stand D-30. This customer project demonstrates WAE’s sector-leading partnership with ItalDesign, which sees WAE provide a highly sophisticated composite EV platform and powertrain, with ItalDesign contributing the body design, safety systems and electric architecture. The partnership provides a unique offering for established car companies and start-ups who want a luxury, high-performance EV, without having to spend many years – and billions of dollars – developing a proprietary EV skateboard and associated technology. Taking place from 28 - 30 June 2022 in Stuttgart, Germany, The Battery Show Europe is Europe’s largest battery technology showcase and conference. With more than 480 suppliers in attendance, The Battery Show Europe provides an ideal opportunity for WAE to showcase its motorsport-derived, zero-emission mobility solutions. On day one of the conference, Tim Engstrom, WAE Manager - Advanced Battery Technologies, will also deliver the keynote presentation, ‘Examining the Role of Motorsport as a Platform to Accelerate Battery Technology, And Why It Matters’. Dyrr Ardash, Head of Strategic Partnerships, WAE said: “The Battery Show Europe is an ideal event for WAE to showcase its high-performance battery and EV platform technology. As the world electrifies, motorsport developments act as a springboard to bring world-class technical innovation for a decarbonised and sustainable future. WAE’s role in electric motorsport has significantly accelerated the development of the lightweight battery and e-powertrain technology we can offer our customers today. We continue to learn valuable lessons from our motorsport involvement that will deliver further transformative benefits to the users of EVs in terms of power, performance, efficiency, and sustainability.”
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Monolith AI Software Accelerates Development of World-Class Vehicles
Monolith, an AI software platform used by the world’s leading automotive, aerospace and industrial engineering teams from Siemens to Honeywell, announced today that engineering teams at the BMW Group, the world’s leading premium manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles, are using its software to accelerate the development of their world-class vehicles. By training Monolith self-learning models with the company’s valuable engineering test data, engineers can now use AI to solve previously impossible physics challenges and instantly predict the performance of highly complex systems like crash and aerodynamics tests. The BMW Group crash test engineering team began working with Monolith in 2019 via the BMW Startup Garage to explore the potential of using AI to predict the force on a passenger’s tibia during a crash. Current crash development uses 1000s of simulations as well as physical tests to capture performance. Even with sophisticated modelling, owing to the complexity of the physics underpinning crash dynamics, results require substantial engineering know-how to calibrate for real world behaviour. Moreover, physical crash tests can only be conducted in later stages of development when the design is mature enough to create physical prototypes. Exploring a more efficient solution, the BMW Group collaborated with Monolith to see if AI could predict crash performance and importantly, substantially earlier in the vehicle development process. The BMW Startup Garage, BMW Group’s venture client unit, facilitated this collaboration and helped Monolith grow its business relations with the premium automotive manufacturer. Using Monolith, BMW Group engineers built self-learning models using the wealth of their existing crash data and were able to accurately predict the force on the tibia for a range of different crash types without doing physical crashes. Moreover, the accuracy of the self-learning models will continue to improve as more data becomes available and the platform is further embedded into the engineering workflow. This game-changing approach now means engineers can optimise crash performance earlier in the design process and reduce dependence on time-intensive, costly testing whilst making historical data infinitely more valuable. “When the intractable physics of a complex vehicle system means it can’t be truly solved via simulation, AI and self-learning models can fill the gap to instantly understand and predict vehicle performance. This offers engineers a tremendous new tool to do less testing and more learning from their data by reducing the number of required simulations and physical tests while critically making existing data more valuable,” said Dr Richard Ahlfeld, CEO and Founder, Monolith. “We are excited to see how BMW Group engineers are using pioneering technologies like Monolith to reduce the cost and time of product development as they develop the next generation of premium vehicles.” The Monolith platform has been developed with a laser focus on user experience by automotive experts and data scientists to ensure seamless integration with existing engineering processes. As a result, as soon as the software is implemented, domain experts quickly begin gaining valuable insights and time back, as well as the chance to explore an even wider design space. “What’s perhaps even more exciting than the promise of accelerating the vehicle development process is the opportunity for engineers to explore more design parameters and find new relationships between operating conditions without the need for data science support. Suddenly the combination of engineering expertise and machine learning becomes a competitive game-changer and gives our customers the means to create world-class products more efficiently." Dr Richard Ahlfeld continued. The BMW Group is expanding its use of Monolith into more engineering functions across R&D that generate vast amounts of data from crash testing to aerodynamics, motorsports and advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS). Monolith is poised to swiftly scale, propelled by more globally renowned engineering teams adopting Monolith, an expert team, network of industry partners and an extensive portfolio of IP.
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Automotive Ethernet Congress: Optical Multi-gigabit in Vehicles
KDPOF, leading supplier for gigabit connectivity over fiber optics, proudly announced that their well-proven KD1053 PHY IC and integrated KD9351 FOT (Fiber Optic Transceiver) have been implemented by Renesas, a premier supplier of advanced semiconductor solutions, into the new next generation automotive vehicle computer VC4. This comprehensive communication gateway ECU from Renesas features the newest automotive network technologies and sufficient computing power to host the ever-increasing number of user applications. “With the VC4, we have integrated an optical Ethernet interface into our automotive evaluation boards for the first time,” stated Tobias Belitz, Principal Engineer at Renesas. “KDPOF shared their 1000BASE-RH transceiver KD1053 and KD9351 FOT according to IEEE 802.3bv with us, which also covers the wide temperature range we are looking at.” The four megatrends of autonomous driving, connected cars, electric vehicles, and shared mobility move the E/E architecture from domain based into a zonal architecture in order to meet the increasing complexity and computation demands of the next generation vehicles. With the VC4 communication gateway ECU, Renesas provides a universal development platform for automotive customers based on their R-Car-S4 system-on-module. KDPOF Chipset for Safe Backbone and ADAS Sensor Connection Optical connectivity perfectly solves the challenges posed by electrical interference in vehicles thanks to its low weight, low cost, and electromagnetic compatibility due to inherent galvanic isolation. “We are proud that Renesas has chosen our compact automotive Ethernet chipset for their future-ready vehicle computer VC4,” stated Carlos Pardo, CEO and Co-founder of KDPOF. “With the integrated KD9351 FOT in combination with the KD1053 PHY IC, we deliver a complete automotive 1000BASE-RHC physical layer.“ Applications include safe Ethernet backbones, smart antenna modules, and sensor connections for ADAS and audio/video. Incorporating the transmission and reception optoelectronics – such as transimpedance amplifier, photodiode, LED driver, and LED – into one single component, the KD9351 is an optical transceiver for 100 Mb/s up to 1 Gb/s with a small footprint. Additional benefits are a shorter supply chain and no test duplication with the final test at the Tier1. Furthermore, the assembly is simplified and the connector offers snap-fit without soldering. The KD9351 reuses low-cost MEMs encapsulation and allows SMD reflow assembly with 8 by 7 mm LGA components. It is fully shielded against electromagnetic radiation. The temperature range, from -40 °C to +105 °C, conforms with harsh automotive environmental requirements. Presentation “Automotive Optical Ethernet Reaching for 50 Gb/s” at Automotive Ethernet Congress 2022 KDPOF will present latest highlights of their optical in-vehicle network technology at the Automotive Ethernet Congress from June 1 to 2, 2022 in Munich, Germany. On June 2 at 10:00 CEST, Carlos Pardo will give the presentation “Automotive Optical Ethernet Reaching for 50 Gb/s”.
